Exception Handling

        
          # Basic exception handling
try:
    result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    print(f"Error: {e}")

# Multiple exception types
try:
    number = int("not_a_number")
except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
    print(f"Conversion error: {e}")

# Catch all exceptions (not recommended)
try:
    risky_operation()
except Exception as e:
    print(f"Something went wrong: {e}")

# Finally block (always executes)
try:
    file = open("example.txt", "r")
    content = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    print("File not found")
finally:
    file.close()  # Always close the file

# Better way with context manager
try:
    with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
        content = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    print("File not found")
    content = ""

# Custom exceptions
class CustomError(Exception):
    """Custom exception class"""
    pass

def validate_age(age):
    if age < 0:
        raise CustomError("Age cannot be negative")
    if age > 150:
        raise ValueError("Age seems unrealistic")

try:
    validate_age(-5)
except CustomError as e:
    print(f"Custom error: {e}")

# Exception chaining
try:
    try:
        int("invalid")
    except ValueError:
        raise RuntimeError("Conversion failed") from ValueError("Invalid input")
except RuntimeError as e:
    print(f"Chained exception: {e}")
    print(f"Caused by: {e.__cause__}")